Navigation

Strictly speaking, navigation is the determination of position out of sight of land using astronomical measurements and time. However, in common usage, navigation usually means any means of determining position. See also Piloting.

An unfamiliar skill for many novice kayakers is the ability to find their way from one point on the water to another, without the benefit of road signs. The basic tools of kayak navigation are

• chart
• compass
• watch
• and a little use of your brain.

Using these tools a skilled navigator can find their way around open water and return to the put in without getting lost. The first step of successful navigation is determining where you started on your chart. Your next step should be to determine where you plan to go. It is a good idea to write up a float plan. Determine your backup plan in case an emergency comes up. As you head out, try to pick out your next destination ahead of you and on the chart. Before you go too far, turn around and get a good look at the put in so you will recognize it when you return. Look for suitable land marks in the area, such as a church steeple, ugly house, large tree or beach. Keep track of your progress as you go, referring to your chart to double check your location.

To determine how long it will take to paddle a certain distance, here's a handy table showing the elapsed time. Most paddlers average 3 kt (5.6 kph). With weaker members of a group, you may only travel 2.5 kt (4.6 kph). Stronger paddlers average 4 kt (7.4 kph) or better. (See Nautical mile for a definition of knot)

Navigation on open water is not a static operation. Remember that currents or wind will keep you moving even if you stop paddling. It is useful to learn how to use natural range lines to help determine how you are being affected by current.

Dead reckoning is a technique used when on open water crossings when visibility is reduced, ie by fog.

Electronic navigation equipment such as a GPS can make some aspects of navigation easier and more precise, but is not a substitute for knowing how to use a compass and how to read a chart.

The task of navigating on a river is generally pretty easy - just follow the current. However, many rivers will require you to keep track of your position so that you are aware of upcoming rapids, falls, mandatory portages and take outs.

References:

The best book: Fundamentals Of Kayak Navigation by David Burch.

See also: Navigation equipment.